Before the modern era, the pope wasn’t just a spiritual leader — he was also a temporal ruler. That meant defending territory, negotiating with kings, and sometimes… leading armies.
Popes like Julius II, known as “The Warrior Pope,” literally rode into battle wearing armor. He believed protecting the Papal States was essential to preserving the Church’s independence.
It’s a startling image:
A pope on horseback, sword raised, leading troops.
And yet, even in this era of political violence, the Church produced mystics, theologians, and reformers who shaped the spiritual life of millions.
History is messy — but grace is persistent.
